Too or Enough?

Watch this video of the fairy tale "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" and pay attention to the use of these structures:
TOO MANY + PLURAL COUNT. NOUN, 
TOO MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN and 
ENOUGH + NOUN

Study these grammar rules:

ONLINE ACTIVITIES:

too & enough 1

too & enough 2

too & enough 3

too & enough 4

too & enough 5

too & enough 6

too & enough 7

Human Reproduction

Here you have some extra information to learn more about human reproduction. I hope you find it useful to study what we have learnt in class!

Here you have a video which explains the different organs in the male and female reproductive systems:

Here you have a simple diagram of the menstrual cycle: 

Watch this video to learn more about the menstrual cycle:

Human reproduction takes place in 3 different stages: Fertilisation (=conception), Pregnancy and Birth. 

1. Fertilisation

2. During pregnancy the embryo continues its development becoming a fetus which undergoes a lot of changes until birth:

3. Birth

Watch this video to learn more about these three stages:

Watch this video to learn more about 
how a baby develops during pregnancy:

Identical twins and non-identical or fraternal twins

 

Identical twins

Non-Identical twins

Non-Identical twins

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JUST FOR THOSE WHO ALWAYS WANT TO LEARN MORE... HAVE FUN! 

Why do we look like our parents? An introduction to Genetics and DNA

Why do you look like your parents?

What is DNA?

How Gregor Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics: 

Gregor Mendel

What is genetics? 
Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. It studies how living organisms, including people, inherit traits from their parents. Genetics is generally considered part of the science of biology. Scientists who study genetics are called geneticists. 

Gregor Mendel is considered the father of the science of genetics. Mendel was a scientist during the 1800s who studied inheritance by experimenting with pea plants in his garden. Through his experiments he was able to show patterns of inheritance and prove that traits were inherited from the parents. 

What are genes? 

Genes are the basic units of heredity. They consist of DNA and are part of a larger structure called the chromosome. Genes carry information that determine what characteristics are inherited from an organism's parents. They determine traits such as the color of your hair, how tall you are, and the color of your eyes. 

What are chromosomes? 
Chromosomes are tiny structures inside cells made from DNA and protein. The information inside chromosomes acts like a recipe that tells cells how to function. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell. Other plants and animals have different numbers of chromosomes. For example, a garden pea has 14 chromosomes and an elephant has 56. 

What is DNA? 

The actual instructions inside the chromosome is stored in a long molecule called DNA. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. 

Interesting Facts about Genetics

• Two humans typically share around 99.9% of the same genetic material. It's only the 0.1% of the material that makes them different.
• Humans share about 90% of genetic material with mice and 98% with chimpanzees.
• DNA molecules have a specific shape called  "double helix": the DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder. James Watson and Francis Crick solved the structure of DNA. Other scientists, like Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, also contributed to this discovery.
• Nearly every cell in the human body contains a complete copy of the human genome in its nucleus. For example, mature red blood cells do not contain nuclear DNA.
• In humans, each cell normally contains 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs. We get 23 chromosomes from our mother and 23 from our father.  Twenty-two of these pairs look the same both in males and females and they are called autosomes. The 23rd pair differ between males and females and they are called sex chromosomes. 
• Some diseases are inherited through genes.
• Some inherited traits are determined by multiple different genes.
• Doctors may be able to cure diseases in the future by replacing bad DNA with good DNA using a process called gene therapy.

(adapted from: 

https://www.ducksters.com/science/biology/genetics.php)

Rosie the Riveter, the real story behind the feminist icon

Rosie the Riveter was a famous fictional character at the height of World War II. She was used by the American government in the campaign urging women to join the labor force. Today, she is used as the symbol for feminist movements and the power of women to make a difference in society.

BACKGROUND

In 1942, Rosie was the subject of a song written by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb, which inspired the “We Can Do It” poster created by J. Howard Miller of the Westinghouse Corporation.

The drastic enlistment of American men during WWII resulted in a shortage of people in the labor force. President Franklin Roosevelt, together with the War Manpower Commission, encouraged women to fill in the labor force.

On May 29, 1943, Norman Rockwell designed a photo for the Saturday Evening Post in addition to J.H Miller’s “We Can Do It” poster. Rockwell depicted a muscular woman based on his model, Mary Doyle Keefe. Miller was a graphic artist who was hired by Westinghouse’s Internal War Production Committee to create various posters to boost the worker’s morale.

Women working in factories soon came to be called “Rosie the Riveter" because of a song of tat name written in 1942 by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb. The inspiration for the song was Rosalind P. Walter, who worked in a factory that made the F4U Corsair fighter airplane.

The song praised these women for their tireless work to support the American war effort:

         "All the day long, Whether rain or shine, She's part of the assembly line. She's making history, Working for victory, Rosie the Riveter!"

ROSIE THE RIVETER CAMPAIGN

Originally, the Rosie the Riveter campaign was intended to encourage women to go to work. They were hired in line assembly, sewing, factories, shipyards, and in the aircraft industry. Between 1940 to 1945, the female workforce grew rapidly, but most of them were paid 50% less than their male counterparts, so they started fighting for their rights through demonstrations and strikes.

Rosie the Riveter also changed women’s fashion. Dresses and skirts were inappropriate for “Rosies” (working women) dealing with hard metals. They needed more practical clothing for work. Women began wearing denims, trousers, overalls, pants, boots, and bandanas, which later on became a statement for equality with men. Bandanas or head scarves in bright colors were also used.

In recent years, Rosie the Riveter has been used to represent the fight for women’s civil rights and the feminist movements in general. 

At the end of WWII, most of the Rosies returned home as housewives.  However, many women chose to continue to work in factories. For many, the war experience had shown them a new life that they enjoyed and wanted to continue. Many historians point to Rosie the Riveter as the inspiration for a new generation of women to consider careers  they had never before thought were possible.The increase of females in the workforce didn’t happen again until the 1960s during the rise of Second Wave Feminism in America.

THE IMAGE BEHIND ROSIE

The identity of the true Rosie is still under debate. Some believe that it was Geraldine Hoff Doyle who worked in a Navy machine shop during the war.

Others thought that it was Rose Will Monroe, a riveter at the Willow Run Bomber Plant was the image behind Rosie the Riveter.

Based on the popular song by Evans and Loeb, Rosalind P. Walter was the real Rosie.

Among the many possibilities of Rosie, Naomi Parker Fraley was the most credible claim as she was pictured while working in a machine shop in California.